Electricity and Magnetism

    This freshman-level course is the second semester of introductory physics. Physics is the study of the fundamental principles that govern the natural world. In this course we will understand what an electric charge and what it produces. 
    Electric charges produce electricity and magnetism. Electricity and magnetism are two aspects of the same force, electromagnetic force. Electricity involves electric charges, potential difference (voltage), and current flow. Stationary charges create electric fields, while moving charges (current) create magnetic fields. Magnetism is produced by the motion of electric charges, such as electrons spinning in an atom. It is characterized by North and South poles, where opposite poles attract and like poles repel.
    This textbook begins with the study of electric charges, fields, and potentials. Building on this, the text transitions into the study of conductors developing the framework for analyzing circuits, electrical energy, and capacitance. From there, it introduces magnetism and the deep interplay between electricity and magnetism. With a balance of conceptual explanations, mathematical rigor, and practical applications, this course equips students with both the theoretical understanding and problem-solving tools needed to analyze physical systems across science and engineering.